ALKANES:
Free radical substitution
ALKENES:
1)Preparation Of Alkenes:
-Dehydration: Conc. H2SO4 (heat)
-Dehydrohalogenation: KOH, ethanol
2)Chemical Reaction:
-Hydrogenation: H2, Pt (Pt=catalyst, can be Ni or Pd etc)
-Hydration: H30+ or H20,H+
-(i) Hydrohalogenation: Markovnikov: HX
(ii) Hydrohalogenation: Anti-Markovnikov: HBr, ROOR(peroxides)
-(i) Halogenation: X2,CH2Cl2 (inert) dihalides major
(ii) Halogenation: X2, H2O (Forms Halohydrin as major product)
{Halohydrin: R-CH(OH)=C(X)-R }
3)Oxidation Of Alkenes:
-Cold KMnO4 (dilute), OH-
-Hot KMnO4/conc. H+
-Ozonolysis: (i)O3 (ii)Zn, H2O
BENZENES:
1)Chemical Reactions on Benzene Ring:
-Halogenation: X2, FeX3
-Nitration: Conc. HNO3 '&' Conc. H2SO4
-Friedel-Craft Alkylation: RCl, AlCl3
-Friedel-Craft Acylation: R(Cl)C=O, AlCl3
2)Chemical Reactions of Toluene:
-Oxidation: KMnO4, H3O+ (heat)
-Halogenation: X2, uv
3)Additional Notes:
CH3 of toluene is an ortho, para director. Thus, nitration, F-C Alkylation, F-C Acylation and reaction with X2, CH2Cl2 will not disturb the CH3 group on toluene but it will substitute with H on benzene ring at Ortho and Para position. Both Ortho and Para formed are major products.
HALOALKANES:
1)Chemical Reactions:
-NaOH(aq) (forms alcohol
-CH3CH2OH (forms ether)
-NH3, ethanol (forms RNH2)
-CH3ONa, ethanol (forms ether)
-KCN, ethanol (forms RCN)
-CH3CH2COONa, ethanol (forms ester)
2)Gridnard Reagent, RMgX:
-Formation of RMgX:
{ RX+Mg, dry ether -> RMgX }
-Reaction of RMgX with:
-metanal, H3O+ : forms primary ROH
-other aldehydes besides methanal, H3O+ : forms secondary ROH
-ketone, H3O+ : forms tertiary ROH
-H3O+ : forms alkane
Slamat mnduduki PSPM II😄✌
Share3! Ingt, jika kita permudahkn urusan org lain, Allah juga akan permudahkn urusan kita.. Insyaa AlLah